Hworde la vokabularyo gedevelopwits?

May 6th, 2008

How is the vocabulary developed?

The Ayola Research Group is always at work on the Ayola dictionary. At present, we are diligently compiling the Basic Vocabulary which will be published to this website along with the upcoming revised grammar later this year.
 

Ayola’s vocabulary is designed to be recognizable to speakers familiar with one or more of the Western European languages. Researchers first determine the principal meanings of a word and then look up the translation of each meaning in as many as possible of the seven major groups of the Indo-European languages. In order to be selected as an Ayola root, the root must (1) satisfy Ayola phonology; (2) not start with a syllable which is an Ayola word such as ke, la, lo, or no in order to avoid oronyms. (International words such as keroseno, laguno, logaritmo, and nobeliumo are allowed.); (3)not be the root of an international combining form such as elektro-, filo-, and nano-, or the root of an important Linnaean term such as kan- (canis) or fel- (felis). 
 

In addition, the root should (1) occur frequently in the natural languages; (2) have a unique meaning in its languages; (3) be compact.
 

The majority of roots are selected from the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic languages because these are more recognizable to most speakers of Western European languages; however, Ayola has significant contributions from other languages such as Albanian.
  For example, when choosing the Ayola word for ‘water,’ researchers identify four potential roots occurring in the Slavic, Germanic, and Romance languages, i.e. ‘vod-’ (Slavic), ‘vatn-’ (North Germanic), ‘vatr-’ (West Germanic), and ‘akw-’ (Romance). They select vod- because akwi- is an international combining form and ‘vod–’ is used in the greatest number of languages (eight).
 Words for species and genera of plants and animals are not chosen by the above method but instead closely follow the Linnaean system of nomenclature.

Changes to the website will unveil new Ayola grammar

March 4th, 2008

The ARG has begun developing a new tool for website users to learn and practice the Ayola language. In addition to publishing the new, revised version of Ayola’s grammar in book format, the ARG is designing a dynamic, interactive hypertext site which will invite visitors to explore every aspect of the language (grammar, pronunciation, usage, etc.). A comprehensive but easily-accessible grammar will be available and accessed through interpretation, listening, and practice activities. Visitors can learn about Ayola through a series of translation exercises that will be both fun and informative. Publication online is projected before the end of 2008.

The Development of Ayola’s Personal Pronouns

February 28th, 2008

In developing a new language, choosing the words is a complex process which often requires some time and experimentation before a final choice is made. Because a language is a vast, interconnected web, a word cannot be chosen in isolation but must satisfy some criteria governed by other words. A good illustration of the process of choosing words is provided by the case of the personal pronouns.

 

At the outset it was decided that the words for the personal pronouns should

1.      be short words of the form CV, CyV or CwV

2.      begin with a distinctive consonant for each of the three persons (first, second, third)

3.      not be equal to a syllable which begins a large number of vocabulary words (in order to avoid oronyms)

4.      fit smoothly phonetically into the common contexts for pronouns, eg. following a verb ending in –ts or following a link beginning with j-.

 

The easiest pronoun words to choose were those for the second person. vu, taken from French, is an excellent choice for the singular form because essentially no internationally-used words begin with this syllable. voy, taken from Italian, is also a good choice for the plural form because few words begin with this syllable.

 

Settling on a good choice for the first-person pronouns required somewhat more effort and experimentation. In our list of twenty-nine principal Indo-European languages ‘j’ (usually pronounced as the English ‘y’) is the overwhelming preference for the initial consonant in the nominative case and ‘m the nearly universal preference in the accusative case. (Ayola has no cases and uses the same word as subject and object.) Initially we tried ‘mi’, taken from Esperanto, but it proved to be seriously problematic because so many internationally-used words begin with the syllable ‘mi-’. Then we tried ‘jo’, which is close to the words used in Italian and Spanish, but it proved to be awkward following verbs and links in phrases and sentences such as the following:

 

            * la fotografuro ja jo                 the photograph of (owned/used by) me

            * Vu vidits jo.                           You saw me.

 

Recently, we have finally settled on myo as the Ayola word for ‘I/me’. It contains a blend of the characteristic ‘m’ and ‘y’ consonants and fits smoothly in common contexts as illustrated above.

 

            la fotografuro ja myo

            Vu vidits myo.

 

In analogy with voy, moy is a natural choice as the word for ‘we/us’, making m the characteristic beginning consonant of the first person.

 

The characteristic initial consonant d for the third-person pronouns was suggested by Loglan. Natural languages make three distinctions in the third-person pronouns:

 

1.      animate vs. inanimate (e.g., he/she vs. it)

2.      masculine vs. feminine (e.g., he vs. she)

3.      first vs. second mention (done in some Native American languages, etc.)

 

After much discussion and experimentation, we decided that to make all three of these distinctions would make the set of third-person pronouns too large and cumbersome, so we decided on the first and third as the most important. Note that, in modern usage, users of English and other languages are doing away with the gender distinction by using such constructions as he/she.

 

Here is the current list of the personal pronouns in Ayola:

 

1st myo
I/me
moy
we/us
2nd vu
you (singular)
voy
you (plural)
3rd #1 dya
he/she #1, him/her #1
dyay
they (people) #1
  dwa
it #1
dway
they (things) #1
3rd #2 dyo
he/she #2, him/her #2
dyoy
they (people) #2
  dwo
it #2
dwoy
they (things) #2

The second-mention third-person pronouns are sometimes referred to in literature as the fourth-person pronouns.

 

Note also a distinction between the first/second-person and the third-person plural forms. Although the latter are formed regularly from the singular forms, the former are not. There is an underlying reason for this. The first-person plural form may sometimes denote a true plural entity of first persons (members of a group speaking jointly) but more commonly denotes a combination of first and second persons (I/me + you), first and third persons (I/me + he/him/she/her/they/them), or all three persons. Similarly, the second-person plural form may sometimes denote a true plural entity of second persons (members of a group addressed) but may also denote a combination of second and third persons (you + he/him/she/her/they/them). In contrast, the third-person plural forms only denote true plural entities of third persons. Thus, moy and voy, while clearly recognizable in Ayola as denoting plural entities, are elementary words and are not derived by pluralizing singular forms. It is interesting to note that the Romance languages (although not the Germanic ones) essentially follow the same practice, so that at least some natural languages recognize a basic distinction between what is denoted by the first/second-person plural forms and what is denoted by the third-person plural forms.

A Day in the Life of an Ayola Research Group Member

February 28th, 2008

So what exactly do we do all day here in the Ayola headquarters? Well, we often spend painstaking amounts of time building as many as one vocabulary word! For example, this afternoon Professor Stimets and I spent over an hour deciding on the appropriate Ayola translations for the English preposition ‘across.’ Since the commonly occurring combining form, trans- cannot function as an Ayola word on its own, we had to consult all the foreign language dictionaries to find alternative words Ayola might adopt. We found two main meanings of ‘across’: ‘from one side to the other of’ and ‘on the other side of.’ After reviewing the translations of these in several of the Indo-European languages, we selected ‘čez’ from Slovene to make tcezu for ‘on the other side of’ and ‘across’ from English to make krosu for ‘from one side to the other of.’ Though the forms ‘trav-’ and ‘travers-’ were common in the Romance languages, they conflict with preexisting roots in Ayola which have other meanings. To avoid replicating roots and thus confusing meanings, we went with the less popular yet still distinct forms from the Slavic and Germanic categories. Here are the two forms used as prepositions in example sentences:

 

Dya habitats tcezu la rivro.                    He lives across the river.

Dya kurits krosu la strado.                    He ran across the street.
 

In addition, in Ayola, preposition roots may also be used verbally.

 

La dormitoryo tcezats la rivro.              The dormitory is across the river.

La ponto krosats la rivro.                      The bridge is across (spans) the river.  

Ayolists and Esperantists in conversation?

February 27th, 2008

You say ‘Saluton,’ we say ‘Aloa.’ ‘Saluton!’ ‘Aloa!’ ‘Saluton!’ ‘Aloa!’ Let’s call the whole… – well, you know how the Gershwin song goes. Despite the differences between Esperanto and Ayola, an important event last week showed the Ayola Research Group that speakers of other constructed languages can appreciate a newcomer like Ayola.
 

On Friday, February 15th three of us from the Ayola Research Group attended the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston, MA to partake in the session, “English Only Science in a Multi-lingual Society: Costs, Benefits, and Options” which addressed concerns about the dominance of the English language in the communication of scientific research across the globe – something we’ve long believed Ayola might serve to alleviate. Panelists including Esperantists José Antonio Vergara of Puerto Montt Regional Hospital in Chile and Humphrey Tonkin, President Emeritus and Professor of the Humanities at the University of Hartford discussed the problems with this “English only science” and suggested solutions to them, one of which included the use of constructed, international languages like Esperanto to aid in international translation. We had the opportunity to converse with the panelists as well as the other Esperantists in the audience about the problematic usage of English in the contexts of science and translation and were able to share information about Ayola with them. Both groups were interested to hear about the others’ languages, and the Esperantists understood some of the Ayola we shared with them. We exchanged contact information with some of these individuals and hope to maintain correspondence with them in the future.

 

Most importantly, the AAAS session has prompted us to try writing and translating science-related articles in Ayola in order to test its effectiveness at precisely expressing concepts which we presume may be interpreted ambiguously when translated through English and even Esperanto. Though we credit the natural languages and artificial ones like Esperanto with inspiring the Ayola grammar and vocabulary, our chief objective in designing Ayola is to create a language essentially void of ambiguity and thus ideal for international translation, particularly in the broadcasting of scientific information. We plan to publish some such articles in Ayola here in a new section of our website entitled Siensay Nuzoy (Science News). Stay tuned!  

Ayola Language Forum

December 30th, 2006

Welcome to the new and (we hope) improved Ayola Language forum (the language formerly known as Aiola). Postings to the old forum are being ported here. It should be possible for anyone to log in and post to the forum. The login process is just aimed at cutting down on spam, and unless you put your email address in the body of your post, it will not be made public.

We’ve been making big revisons! - Jim Giddings

December 29th, 2006

We’ve been working on the dictionaries and grammar of the language: the dictionary and grammar that you can find on this website are now out of date, and we hope to be replacing them with new editions soon. We really appreciate your patience! One minor change that nevertheless has big repercussions is that we’re now going to be spelling the name of the language “ayola” rather than “aiola”. We decided that having vowel combinations that are pronounced together as a single syllable added unnecessary complexity to the orthography of the language. You can now find this website at http://www.ayola.org/ as well as at http://www.aiola.org/ .

____________________________

Steve (Guest)

RE: We’ve been making big revisons!
Congratulations on your work with this project. I can’t wait to see the final draft of this language.

Dictionary? - Steve

July 10th, 2006

Steve, (Guest)7/10/2006 13:22:49
Message:
Hi. I was just wondering when the dictionary to this language was going to be released. Thank you for creating & maintaining this language.RE: Dictionary?
Message:
Hi Steve,

Thank you very much for your interest in our language. We are working on both versions of the dictionary (English-Aiola, Aiola-English) intensively, and we hope to release both of them by the beginning of next summer (2007). Meanwhile, please let us know if we can help you with the other materials on the site.

And, on a more social note, where are you from? And how did you come across our webpage?

Greetings, Steve ( Guest)

7/12/2006 17:26:12
Thank you for your quick response, Irsa. I’m always glad to find an actively supported language such as yours.

I have always been interested in artificial languages but I’ve never really had the time to be devoted to it fully.

I can’t remember which website it was that had a link to your website. I’ll try to remember. However, I took the liberty of adding your language to the Langmaker website to give it more visibility. Feel free to set up an account & make whatever revisions you feel the need to make to that webpage on Langmaker about your language.

You may want to also create an entry on Wikipedia as well. That would give your language even more visibility.

I look forward to studying your language further & if I have any questions, I’ll let you know.

La felitcenso Alejandro Javier

August 15th, 2005

Subject: La felitcenso
AlejandroJavier—>
Ei la ekonomika sukseso kauzas felitcenso?
Alehandro Havyero Kasanovo Domingo.
(Alejandro Javier Casanova Domingo).

Pronunciación y ortografía del aiola - Alejandro Javier

August 2nd, 2005

Subject: Pronunciación y ortografía del aiola.
AlejandroJavier—>
Saludos a los responsables del aiola.

Lo que voy a comentar lo he obtenido por traducción automática, según me habéis recomendado. Como, según le respondéis a Paul Bartlett por otro lado, esperáis tener muy pronto traducciones a otras lenguas, es evidente que pronto podré leer materiales en aiola directamente en castellano. Diré algo más sobre este asunto al final de mi mensaje.

El aiola tiene un sistema fonémico casi idéntico al del castellano, con sólo un fonema no perteneciente al esperanto. Así que, a continuación expondré en paralelo el alfabeto del aiola y el alfabeto del esperanto; simularé los signos diacríticos de las seis letras acentuadas del esperanto con el conocido sucedáneo de la “x”.

Aiola: a b c d dj dz e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t tc ts u v w y z

Esperanto: a b sx d gx e f g h i jx k l m n o p r s t cx c u v ux j z hx

Como puede verse en la tabla comparativa (que quizás no se aprecie bien en algunos visores) las veinte letras “a b d e f g h i k l m n o p r s t u v z” tienen valor fonémico idéntico (cuando no forman dígrafos) en aiola y en esperanto; la “c” del aiola equivale a la letra “sx” del esperanto; el dígrafo “dj” del aiola equivale a la letra “gx” del esperanto; el dígrafo “dz” del aiola es el único fonema sin equivalente en esperanto, una consonante africada dentosibilante sonora que sería la versión sonora de la “c” del esperanto; la “j” del aiola equivale a la letra “jx” del esperanto; el dígrafo “tc” del aiola equivale a la letra “cx” del esperanto; el dígrafo “ts” del aiola equivale a la letra “c” del esperanto; la letra “w” del aiola equivale a la letra “ux” del esperanto; la letra “y” del aiola equivale a la letra “j” del esperanto; y, finalmente, la letra “hx” del esperanto carece de equivalente fonético en aiola, donde sería interpretada como un alófono muy fuerte y gutural de la “h”.

Gráficamente, cualquier cosa es mejor que los penosos signos diacríticos del esperanto, pero la solución de los dígrafos no carece de problemas, entre los que destacan la necesidad de usar guiones o apóstrofos para distinguir dos fonemas seguidos de un solo fonema escrito con dígrafo; así, en ido, los dos fonemas s+h de “chashundo” (perro de caza) no suenan igual que el dígrafo monofonémico de “kashaloto” (cachalote), pues en el primer caso los dos fonemas se pronuncian separadamente, como en aiola o esperanto, mientras que en el segundo caso el dígrafo “sh” equivale fonéticamente a la letra “c” del aiola o a la letra “sx” del esperanto. Por eso, en ido y otras lenguas planificadas auxiliares con dígrafos, son frecuentes torpes soluciones gráficas para estos casos, como “chas-hundo” o “chas’hundo”. Por otro lado, conviene notar el carácter inusitado internacionalmente del dígrafo “tc” en aiola: el dígrafo “ch” es mucho más internacional para ese fonema. En cambio, los dígrafos “dj”, “dz” y “ts” del aiola sí que tienen apoyo internacional. El fonema asignado a la letra “c” se da muy raramente en las lenguas de alfabeto latino, incluso contando con la extrema variabilidad fonémica histórica de esta letra; los valores sonoros de “k”, “ts” o “tc” (uso los propios dígrafos del aiola) hubieran estado bastante más motivados.

Fonológicamente, apenas hay mejora sobre el esperanto, salvo eliminar una oposición fonémica claramente inadmisible en una lengua internacional auxiliar, la oposición h/hx. Pero persiste el penoso cuadro de consonantes palatales fricativas o africadas con parecido punto de articulación, que se agrava aún más con la introducción de una consonante fricativa dentosibilante sonora. Las cinco consonantes “c dj dz j tc ts” producirán confusiones fonéticas continuas entre hablantes cuyas lenguas nativas sean pobres en consonantes palatales; y el estudio fonémico comparado indica que hay un elevado porcentaje de hablantes en tal situación.

Lo decisivo, en ortografía y pronunciación como en todo lo demás, es el método experimental, que es el método que separa nítidamente a una secta seudorreligiosa como es el esperantismo de un movimiento científico en pos de una buena lengua planificada auxiliar.

En la ciencia, y por tanto también en la lingüística, no se fía uno ni de su sombra. Se empieza por desconfiar de las propias hipótesis, y por eso se las somete siempre que se puede a la prueba experimental. La ortografía y la fonología del aiola son un buen ejemplo.

¿Se han hecho en el aiola pruebas con grupos separados, el primer grupo usando dígrafos y el segundo grupo con ortografía fonética pura de alfabeto latino básico (sin dígrafos)? Si se han hecho, quiero saber qué resultados ha ofrecido la prueba, y si no se han hecho, los dígrafos del aiola son un rasgo no contrastado experimentalmente. De manera similar, conviene experimentar si los estudiantes de aiola tienen similar destreza auditiva y elocutiva con las cinco consonantes palatales que con un grupo más reducido de ellas, si distinguen fácilmente palabras por la mera oposición de vocal/semivocal correspondiente, como pasa en las parejas i/y y u/w del aiola, etcétera. En resumen, nada de sermones al estilo de “qué buena es mi nueva lengua planificada auxiliar”. ¡Experimentos comparativos quiero, y resultados de esos experimentos!

Precisamente por comparar, quiero hablar del sistema fonológico y ortográfico de otra lengua planificada auxilar: el icuso. El icuso, al carecer de organización central que lo controle, presenta numerosas variantes (ya que en la filosofía de esta lengua es capital que los hablantes la modifiquen continuamente bajo la máxima ley empírica de la lingüística, la ley del mínimo esfuerzo). Ahora bien, es frecuente usar el icuso en torno a la variante llamada “ikuso neutra” (icuso neutral), una de las variantes menos occidentalizadas del icuso. La ortografía del icuso neutral es totalmente fonética de alfabeto latino básico, sin dígrafos ni dífonos. La lista habitual de fonemas en icuso neutral es: “a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v x”. Son, por tanto, veintidós (22) letras y otros tantos fonemas. El aiola y el esperanto tienen veintiocho fonemas (28) cada uno, o sea seis (6) más que el icuso neutral. Todas las letras del icuso neutral se pronuncian como en aiola, salvo la letra “c”, que se pronuncia con un espectro de tolerancia entre los fonemas “tc”, “ts” y “dz” del aiola; y salvo la letra “x”, que se pronuncia precisamente como la “c” del aiola. La tolerancia fonémica es alta en icuso neutral; así, por ejemplo, las vocales pueden semivocalizarse siempre; notemos que, en icuso neutral, ni la semivocalización, ni la diptongación, ni la triptongación ni el acento tónico son rasgos semánticamente distintivos. Las mayúsculas no son obligatorias en icuso neutral.

En icuso, que es una lengua planificada auxiliar de intención científica y no seudorreligiosa, lo que cuenta es la prueba experimental, y a ella se ha sometido continuamente desde su aparición. Los resultados suelen indicar un alto reconocimiento oral y escrito de las raíces internacionales en icuso neutral, a pesar de su escaso número de fonemas (que se estableció así para evitar confusiones por fonemas demasiado parecidos entre sí). Pero otros estudios experimentales sobre la fonología del icuso pueden arrojar resultados más desfavorables a la fonémica y la ortografía de la variante llamada “icuso neutral”.

Para que el lector se haga una idea, doy a continuación una lista de palabras frecuentes en icuso, sin traducir. Todas estas palabras, sin excepción, proceden de raíces semánticas amplísimamente difundidas en las lenguas realmente habladas del mundo. Veamos si el lector las identifica fonética y ortográficamente. Notemos que, en icuso, la terminación “o” indica sustantivo, la terminación “a” indica adjetivo, la terminación “ar” indica infinitivo verbal y la terminación “mente” indica adverbio.

He aquí la lista: “mojar, sekso, cokolato, nirvano, kitabo, under, ponco, ajetivo, cienco, kanofobia, perestroiko, bumerano, imeilo, teksto, igluo, sologiamente, estrukturo, isa, softuaro, bahaso, xamano, uomo, bisneso, futebolo, relijiono, musiko, limono, parolar, longa, iankijo”.

La lista no está “arreglada para causar buena impresión”; no se ha sobrecargado adrede con raíces fonética y ortográficamente inconfundibles como “litro, telefono, numero, konputero, kantar, rapidamente, blanka” y muchas más que hay así en icuso neutral.

Como anunciaba al principio, termino este largo mensaje con una nota sobre el uso del inglés al usar el aiola.

Según habréis notado sin duda los que hayáis podido leer este mensaje, soy un lingüista profesional; también soy un traductor profesional. A alguien con mis características se le supone hoy un somero conocimiento del inglés, como mínimo. Y, ciertamente, no es que la lengua inglesa me resulte desconocida. Ahora bien, tan cierto como lo anterior es que no entiendo fácilmente el inglés y que menos todavía me expreso en él.

Sin embargo, el aiola ha nacido en un entorno monolingüe en inglés, a mí se me ha respondido en primera instancia que me busque por mi cuenta traducciones automáticas del inglés al castellano y está claro que, hoy por hoy, quien no sepa inglés difícilmente podrá examinar o usar el aiola. El material de aprendizaje está exclusivamente en inglés.

A corto plazo (en seis meses como mucho) no hay otra salida a este bloqueo que usar el propio aiola para discutir el aiola, de manera semejante a como muchos hablantes de esperanto (o de ido, o de interlingua) tienen escaso o nulo conocimiento del inglés. Si no se hace así, el aiola pronto caerá en el fiasco de la fallida lingua franca nova ideada por George Boeree, o en el espectral, sectario y ocultista aspecto anglófono que ofrecen los minúsculos grupitos volapuquistas actuales. Si se sobreentiende que los mejores hablantes de aiola han de saber también inglés básico, el fracaso del proyecto puede darse por seguro.

Cordialmente, de Alejandro Javier Casanova Domingo.

—– Mensaje original (traducción automática al castellano) —–

Paul Bartlett escribió: Si Aiola va a ir en cualquier parte como un idioma auxiliar real, los materiales necesitan estar disponibles en muchos idiomas para aprendices, no sólo en inglés.

ARG: Éste precisamente es nuestro objetivo lanzando el webpage: para extender nuestra comunidad y también para atraer a un público de las personas que hablan otros idiomas. Nosotros esperamos tener los materiales muy pronto en los idiomas de otra manera que inglés.